In this article, we will discuss Civil Disobedience as a tool for non-violent protests. We will analyze the ideas from Thoreau to Kant, including the thoughts of Gandhi and Dworkin, verifying the effectiveness, or lack thereof, of their arguments in the political world. With regard to Dworkin and Gandhi, both inspired by Thoreau's thought, civil disobedience to norms provided a change in the political scenario, capable of effecting a mediation of conflicts through non-violence. Kant's perspective, in turn, presents the hypothesis (...) of peaceful resistance when the norms do not correspond to the proposed expectations, the general rule being the idea of respect and obedience to the law. Finally, to conclude this article, we will highlight the writings of Thoreau, Gandhi, Dworkin, and Kant, to postulate that civil disobedience must be linked to the criteria of non-violence, peace, justice, and legitimacy. (shrink)

This study analyzes the most important predictors of acceptance of social network sites in a sample of Chilean elder people. We employ a novelty procedure to explore this phenomenon. This procedure performs apriori segmentation based on gender and generation. It then applies the deep learning technique to identify the predictors by segments. The predictor variables were taken from the literature on the use of social network sites, and an empirical study was carried out by quota sampling with a sample size (...) of 395 older people. The results show different predictors of social network sites considering all the samples, baby boomer males and females, silent males and females. The high heterogeneity among older people is confirmed; this means that dealing with older adults as a uniform set of users of social network sites is a mistake. This study demonstrates that the four segments behave differently, and many diverse variables influence the acceptance of social network sites. (shrink)

Filósofos como Marcuse han subrayado las propiedades liberadoras del quehacer artístico. Pero si hemos de pensar el arte como el Gran Rechazo, es necesario mostrar qué rechaza el arte y con qué busca sustituirlo. Respecto a estas preguntas, existen dos respuestas antagónicas. Mientras una busca en la experiencia artística rechazar lo dado en nombre de una verdad intemporal, la otra también reniega de lo dado, pero admite el carácter provisorio de toda verdad. Aunque en apariencia sutil, esta distinción es sustancial. (...) A partir de una lectura de Platón, muestro por qué en la primera posición no hay cabida para lo humano, y por qué de ella se desprenden implicaciones totalitarias. Para caracterizar a la segunda posición, me sirvo de la concepción estética de Octavio Paz y de la propuesta escultórica de Alexander Calder. Ambas propuestas permiten conciliar la insatisfacción que palpita en el arte con la alteridad que caracteriza a lo humano. (shrink)

Energía: vital y fatal. Vital pues cierta cantidad de energía se ha convertido en un aspecto indispensable para las sociedades y personas modernas. Fatal pues los sistemas energéticos han generado la mayor parte de las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero desde por lo menos la segunda mitad del siglo veinte. Por lo tanto, es indispensable analizar las cuestiones de energía desde el punto de vista de su uso buscando responder preguntas como ¿cuánta energía se requiere para mantener o mejorar niveles (...) de bienestar humano?, ¿qué países han logrado alcanzar niveles altos de bienestar con niveles relativamente bajos de uso de la energía y cómo lo han logrado?, ¿qué impacto tiene nuestra comprensión del bienestar humano en cómo reflexionamos sobre la relación entre energía y bienestar? Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la historia del estudio de las relaciones energía-bienestar imperativa en la lucha por mitigar el cambio climático, desde una perspectiva de límites medioambientales. (shrink)

El autor toma las ideas fundamentales que los liberales han legado al mundo contemporáneo: la libertad y la propiedad fueron sus valores predilectos y su vigencia permanece hasta la actualidad. Empeñados en construir un Estado proclive a la libertad y la propiedad, los liberales idearon la soberanía, la separación de poderes y la posibilidad de que alguna vez hubiera Estados regidos por Constituciones. Hoy esas ideas constituyen los pilares de nuestra organización política.

Se presenta al iusnaturalismo clásico, especialmente el defendido por Tomás de Aquino, como alternativa digna de reconocimiento en la actual situación de dispersión-y también de confusión- en que se encuentra la filosofía del derecho. La empresa intelectual que se ha intentado concretar en este libro es la mediación entre los resultados de los estudios sobre la ley natural y las líneas centrales de la argumentación teórica moderna con el fin de plantear en una nueva perspectiva el múltiple debate iusfilosófico de (...) nuestros días. Aquí se ha tratado de abordar algunos de los principales tópicos de la iusfilosofía actual, poniendo en diálogo al iusnaturalismo de raíz clásica con las principales propuestas de la filosofía del derecho actual, reinterpretándolo para hacerlo comprensible, interesante y expresivo para los hombres de comienzos del siglo XXI. (shrink)

This paper presents a detailed analysis of a previous work that described the dynamic behavior of an antique stamp mill. The stamp mill application was for breaking ore stones as part of silver production. The dynamic analysis was established from a modern description of the kinematic chain. Since there is no technical data or archeological reports, the model was reconstructed using the dimensions described in original documents and assuming the operation conditions from different technical references. The model was validated using (...) the typical production rates from the pre-industrial revolution period (XVI to XVIII centuries). The results show a proper method for reconstructing the engineering data of antique mechanisms and provide the basis for reproducing these types of mechanisms with modern engineering concepts. The data can be extrapolated to other similar mills that were developed based on this functional principle. (shrink)

El presente artículo presenta parte de los resultados de un estudio de percepción y opinión pública realizado en las quince regiones de Chile, sobre la relación entre descentralización, desarrollo regional y gestión pública. El supuesto del que se parte es que la voluntad de descentralización de la ciudadanía y los actores sociales es un factor facilitador del desarrollo de las regiones. Se entiende por desarrollo regional el conjunto de los procesos políticos, sociales y económicos conducidos por los actores regionales articulados (...) en función de unas prioridades definidas por ellos mismos. Antecediéndolo lógicamente se asume que existe una heterogeneidad regional que proviene de la configuración histórica y cultural de las regiones, y que esta diversidad define una desigualdad en las condiciones iniciales para articular el desarrollo endógeno de cada región. (shrink)

Las expectativas de reconocimiento que tienen los migrantes puede entenderse en desde la noción de falso reconocimiento, en que el sujeto se identifica con la posición desfavorable que le impone la sociedad receptora. Las expectativas de los migrantes están mediadas por la percepción de que se contrae una deuda con la sociedad en virtud de que esta le ha entregado un espacio de oportunidades para la realización de un proyecto de vida orientado al bienestar y la seguridad. Lo cual redunda (...) en una concepción del acceso a los derechos restringida y centrada en el acceso al mercado de trabajo y de bienes de consumo. En este marco las principales estrategias de incorporación identificadas son el ocultamiento, la adaptación, la distinción al interior de los colectivos, el fortalecimiento de las redes y la priorización del trabajo. (shrink)

El último año un número significativo de países desarrollados y del tercer mundo iniciaron procesos de transformación social y política a partir de levantamientos, revoluciones y movimientos impulsados por una ciudadanía hasta ahora distanciada e incluso segregada de la esfera política. En algunos países el imperio del mercado, en otros la fuerza represiva de regímenes autoritarios, en los más privilegiados, un nihilismo extendido producto del bienestar material acumulado, venía desde hace añ..

La racionalidad técnica y el pensamiento experto aparecen hoy como el principal instrumento para legitimar la toma de decisiones en el campo de la política. El proceso de racionalización de todas las esferas de la vida que anunciara hace poco más de un siglo Max Weber, encuentra la política contemporánea, un territorio fértil para su reproducción. Las democracias latinoamericanas no están exentas de esta dinámica de reducción de lo político a lo técnico, que traduce los conflictos inherentes ..

El autor realiza un contrapunto entre un texto basado en supuestos científicos -"Del bosque a la ciudad: ¿Progreso?", de Juan Pablo Orrego- que realiza un diagnóstico y una prospección del sistema biótico, en particular del bosque, y que llama a la responsabilidad y a a una acción ante la lógica depredadora capitalista, además de criticar una visión occidental antropocentrista; y el texto, Sobre árboles y madres, del filósofo chileno Patricio Marchant, de interpretación filosófica y de reivindicación poética, que resalta la (...) quema como pérdida insoslayable del fundamento originario en la pérdida originaria del fundamento. No presenta el autor una tercera parte conclusiva, dejándolo esto como un surgimiento de las dos lecturas. (shrink)

Resumen La idea de la Universidad en el papa Francisco, expresada en sus diversos discursos, cartas y homilías dirigidas al mundo universitario, permiten identificar un conjunto de desafíos que invitan a volver a visitar Ex Corde Ecclesiae ya 30 años después de su publicación. Este artículo, a través de un análisis documental de 30 textos del papa Francisco, específicamente referidos a la universidad o estudiantes universitarios, mediante un análisis estadístico de datos textuales y luego un análisis cualitativo de carácter temático, (...) permiten concluir que para el papa Francisco, utilizando sus propias expresiones: La realidad mundial es una “cultura de descarte”, que puede ser superada por una “cultura de encuentro”, que requiere que la universidad se convierta en una universidad “en salida”. Del análisis se aprecia que el papa Francisco, centra sus textos sobre las universidades, principalmente, en el quehacer de ellas en la sociedad actual, reconceptualizando con estos énfasis en el hacer, el ser mismo de la universidad.The idea of the University in pope Francis, expressed in its various speeches, letters and homilies addressed to the university world, identifies a set of challenges that invite you to revisit Ex Corde Ecclesiae 30years after its publication. This article, through a documentary analysis of 30 texts by pope Francis, which refer specifically to the university or university students, through a statistical analysis of textual data and then a thematic analysis, allows to conclude that for pope Francis, using his own expressions: World reality is a “culture of discard”, which can be overcome by a “culture of encounter”, which requires the university to become a “come out” university. It is clear from the analysis that Pope Francis, focuses his texts on universities, mainly, on the work of them in today's society, reconceptualizing with these emphases, the very being of the university. (shrink)

Com os conceitos de vida como “organismo em interação com o meio”, de John Dewey, e de vida, como “vontade de potência”, de Friedrich Nietzsche, elaborados em resposta à problemática envolvendo questões de experiência estética, buscamos, no presente artigo, analisar possíveis similaridades entre eles e, assim, destacar a relevância atual dessas abordagens para se pensar uma estética menos canônica, mais atenta aos afetos e, portanto, mais próxima da vida.

Although the search for universal human traits is necessarily the principle focus of researchers in evolutionary psychology, the habitual reliance on undergraduate students introduces profound doubts concerning resulting data. Furthermore, the absence of relevant data from foraging societies undermines claims of cross-cultural universality in this paper and in many others.

This paper discusses cross-border projects and their respective social representations to local groups. We present as a case study the boatmen who pilot their boats between Brazil and France on the construction of the Binational Bridge. Catraieiros are currently responsible for much of the logistics between Amapá and French Guiana. Our theoretical framework is based on the literature on Regional Integration and Social Representation. We applied interviews to one third of the catraieiros. We concluded that in the Subject-Representation-Object relationship, the (...) group that understood itself as responsible for the dialogue between two cities built a negative and threatening representation on the Bridge. (shrink)

“History and international relations in the Guyana Region”.

Análise dos processos de formação do professor. Situa inicialmente as alternativas de constituição dos agentes do sistema político administrativo da educação do final do período imperial para focalizar as estratégias formativas adotadas pela Escola Complementar, analisando para tanto entrevistas, documentos iconográficos e escritos. A delimitação espacial do estudo é a Província de São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

Discute a instrução pública a partir de seus agentes e os processos formativos de seleção, instrução, contratação, especialização e diferenciação que ao longo do tempo constituíram o professor contribuindo para a formação do cidadão e institucionalização da educação no Rio Grande do Sul.

Over the last two decades, corporate sustainability has been established as a legitimate research topic among management and organization scholars. This introductory article explores potential avenues for advances in research on corporate sustainability by readdressing some of the fundamental aspects of the sustainability debate and approaching some novel perspectives and insights from outside the corporate sustainability field. This essay also sketches out how each of the six articles of this special issue contribute to the literature by going back to some (...) of the conceptual roots of sustainability and/or by offering novel perspectives for research on corporate sustainability. As these six articles and the outlook on future research opportunities show, broadening the inquiry of corporate sustainability in terms of topics, theories, and methodologies holds considerable potential to improve our understanding of how decision makers and organizations respond to sustainability. (shrink)

Humans have been using fire for hundreds of millennia, creating an ancestral expansion toward the nocturnal niche. The new adaptive challenges faced at night were recurrent enough to amplify existing psychological variation in our species. Night-time is dangerous and mysterious, so it selects for individuals with higher tendencies for paranoia, risk-taking, and sociability. During night-time, individuals are generally tired and show decreased self-control and increased impulsive behaviors. The lower visibility during night-time favors the partial concealment of identity and opens more (...) opportunities for disinhibition of self-interested behaviors. Indeed, individuals with an evening-oriented chronotype are more paranoid, risk-taking, extraverted, impulsive, promiscuous, and have higher antisocial personality traits. However, under some circumstances, such as respiratory pandemics, the psychobehavioral traits favored by the nocturnal niche might be counter-productive, increasing contagion rates of a disease that can evade the behavioral immune system because its disease cues are often nonexistent or mild. The eveningness epidemiological liability hypothesis presented here suggests that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the evening-oriented psychobehavioral profile can have collectively harmful consequences: there is a clash of core tendencies between the nocturnal chronotype and the recent viral transmission-mitigating safety guidelines and rules. The pandemic safety protocols disrupt much normal social activity, particularly at night when making new social contacts is desired. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is contagious even in presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, which enables it to mostly evade our evolved contagious disease avoidance mechanisms. A growing body of research has indirectly shown that individual traits interfering with social distancing and anti-contagion measures are related to those of the nocturnal chronotype. Indeed, some of the social contexts that have been identified as superspreading events occur at night, such as in restaurants, bars, and nightclubs. Furthermore, nocturnal environmental conditions favor the survival of the SARS-CoV-2 virus much longer than daytime conditions. We compare the eveningness epidemiological liability hypothesis with other factors related to non-compliance with pandemic safety protocols, namely sex, age, and life history. Although there is not yet a direct link between the nocturnal chronotype and non-compliance with pandemic safety protocols, security measures and future empirical research should take this crucial evolutionary mismatch and adaptive metaproblem into account, and focus on how to avoid nocturnal individuals becoming superspreaders, offering secure alternatives for nocturnal social activities. (shrink)

At the core of anthropomorphism lies a false-positive cognitive bias to over-attribute the pattern of the human body and/or mind. Anthropomorphism is independently discussed in various disciplines, is presumed to have deep biological roots, but its cognitive bases are rarely explored in an integrative way. I present an inclusive, multifaceted interdisciplinary approach to refine the psychological bases of mental anthropomorphism. I have integrated 13 conceptual dissections of folk finalistic reasoning into four psychological inference systems (physical, design, basic-goal and belief stances); (...) the latter three are truly teleological and thus prone to anthropomorphisms. I then have empirically integrated the cross-disciplinary genetic, neural, cognitive, psychiatric, developmental, comparative and evolutionary/adaptive evidence that converge supporting the nature of the distinct stances. The over-reactive calibration of the three teleological systems is framed as an evolved design feature to avoid harmful ancestral contexts. Nowadays, these stances easily engage with scientific reasoning about bio-evolutionary matters with negative and positive consequences. Design, basic-goal, and belief stances benefit biology by providing cognitive foundations, expressing a high-powered explanatory system, promoting functional generalization, fostering new research questions and discoveries, enabling metaphorical/analogical thinking and explaining didactically with brevity. Hence, it is neither feasible nor advantageous to completely eliminate teleology from biology. Instead, we should engage with the eight classes of problems in bio-philosophy and bio-education that relate to the three stances: types of anthropomorphism, variety of misunderstandings, misleading appeal, legitimacy controversy, gateway to mysticism, total prohibition and its backfire effect. Recognizing the distinction among design, basic-goal, and belief stances helps to elucidate much of the logic underlying these issues, so that it enables a much more detailed taxonomy of anthropomorphisms, and organizes the various misunderstandings about evolution by natural selection. It also offers a solid psychological grounding for anchoring definitions and terminology. This tripartite framework also shed some light on how to better deal with the over-reactive stances in bio-education, by organizing previous pedagogical strategies and by suggesting new possibilities to be tested. Therefore, this framework constitutes a promising approach to advance the debate regarding the psychological underpinnings of anthropomorphisms and to further support regulating and clarifying teleology and anthropomorphism in biology. (shrink)

How do we come to like the things that we do? Each one of us starts from a relatively similar state at birth, yet we end up with vastly different sets of aesthetic preferences. These preferences go on to define us both as individuals and as members of our cultures. Therefore, it is important to understand how aesthetic preferences form over our lifetimes. This poses a challenging problem: to understand this process, one must account for the many factors at play (...) in the formation of aesthetic values and how these factors influence each other over time. A general framework based on basic neuroscientific principles that can also account for this process is needed. Here, we present such a framework and illustrate it through a model that accounts for the trajectories of aesthetic values over time. Our framework is inspired by meta-analytic data of neuroimaging studies of aesthetic appraisal. This framework incorporates effects of sensory inputs, rewards, and motivational states. Crucially, each one of these effects is probabilistic. We model their interactions under a reinforcement-learning circuitry. Simulations of this model and mathematical analysis of the framework lead to three main findings. First, different people may develop distinct weighing of aesthetic variables because of individual variability in motivation. Second, individuals from different cultures and environments may develop different aesthetic values because of unique sensory inputs and social rewards. Third, because learning is stochastic stemming from probabilistic sensory inputs, motivations, and rewards, aesthetic values vary in time. These three theoretical findings account for different lines of empirical research. Through our study, we hope to provide a general and unifying framework for understanding the various aspects involved in the formation of aesthetic values over time. (shrink)

The arguments put forward in this work are based on certain reflections about doctrinal aspects, theoretical meanings and focuses in some philosophical postures that have been the basis for juridical science. The jus-naturalistic, jus-positivist, formalistic, realistic and materialistic concept..